Most Lethal Sniper in American History Essay

Chris Kyle was a natural born killer from the first time he was handed a gun. Born in Odessa, Texas, he began hunting with his own rifles and shotguns at age eight. After he finished school, he became a professional bronco rider, but his career ended quickly after he injured his arm. After his arm healed he turned to the military for a job, but was turned down because of the pins in his arm. After a few months he received a call and was invited to the training for the Navy SEALS. He ended up becoming a sniper in SEAL Team 3 and served four tours of duty in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Over the four tours of duty, Kyle racked up 255 claimed kills and 160 confirmed kills. His longest successful shot was 2,100 yards or 1.2 miles, just outside Sadr City in 2008. Chivalric Codes were a huge part of a knight’s life, was developed to keep knights in check during a time where laws were difficult to come by. They generally consisted of honoring the church, protecting and serving the people, the lord of the land and the country, being honorable as a person, perseverance, honoring your enemy, protecting women and children, and to protect your fellow knights. Chris Kyle upheld the Code of Chivalry in many ways but in others he did not. These breaks in the code were not always his fault though, because of the radical change in war from the middle ages to now, and the decisions of whether to protect his countrymen or the values of chivalry. Kyle’s first kill was an example of a decision between elements of the code. A woman with a grenade was approaching a group of Marines. Kyle was reluctant to shoot a woman, which is generally against the Rules Of Engagement, and most soldiers’ moral standards. He hesitated before shooting her and saving his troops lives. He said afterward that he was angry at the woman for putting him in that situation. It was the only time he ever killed anyone other than a male enemy. Another way that he strayed from the Code of Chivalry, was that he claims that all of his actions were done out of necessity, not for glory. He constantly repeats that no true hero ever does anything for glory. He says throughout his book that all of his kills were necessary to protect his fellow soldiers. The last way that Chris Kyle broke the code of chivalry was that most of his kills were unfair fights. His training and weapons gave him a huge advantage over his Iraqi adversaries, who were equipped with low-tech equipment and had no training. He often shot enemies from far away in concealed hiding spots, and sometimes in the back. This was a huge infraction in medieval times, but with the advances in warfare and technology, in order to stay alive on the battlefield today you must kill your enemy as soon as possible or he could kill you in an instant. Kyle was not totally against the code of chivalry though, he was a devout Christian, as you would expect as his father was a Sunday school teacher. He justifies his killings by citing that the Commandment is against murder, and killing innocent people not against killing people trying to kill you and your countrymen. Kyle also shows exceptional patriotism and service to his country and the President, our equivalent to a knight’s king. He was awarded two silver stars and five bronze stars with valor, but denies that he ever did anything special to deserve them. He says any soldier would have done the same thing to protect the freedom of America and its people. All in all, Chris Kyle will always be remembered as a hero in the War on Terror, and a modern day testament to the values of chivalry. Although he was not able to uphold all of the values, he did the best he could in the situations he was put in. It is impossible for him to uphold a code as old as that in the changing conditions of war. Many parts are just not feasible to the modern day soldier. With what Kyle was able to accomplish and be able to uphold the standards that he did, Chris Kyle was definitely as chivalrous as he could possibly be. Works Cited Kyle, Chris. American Sniper. N.p.: HarperCollins, n.d. Print. Seidl, Jonathon M. â€Å"This Navy SEAL Sniper Is the ‘Deadliest in U.S. History’ — Can You Guess His Longest Shot?† The Blaze. N.p., 2 Jan. 2012. Web. 04 Oct. 2012. . Smith, Terry. â€Å"What Are the Rules of Engagement With Military Use of Force?† EHow. N.p., 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 4 Oct. 2012. .

Compare and Contarst Essay

Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their political and social structures. Egypt had more of authorial government, where one head person was in charge which in this case was the pharaoh, which was the head on Egypt social class, as well as leader of his society. The Pharaoh was basically a king ruling for his people, while Mesopotamia, had city states, which was controlled by priest kings. Another difference is that in Egypt the Pharaoh had complete control over the land, while in Mesopotamia the kings were not so powerful, and the land w as split with others such as priest kings. Lastly, Egypt had a centralized government, while Mesopotamia did not have this. Egypt was ruled under one leader and was together as a unity. Egypt had an overall leader such as the Pharaoh, which helped Egypt stay united as one government and civilization. Mesopotamia didn’t have this they were lacking this, they had a lack of barriers and a constant competition for power led to continuous warfare between the two societies. This made Mesopotamia not united at all and made them weak and an unstable society. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had their similarities of political and social structures in their societies. One similarity of the social structure of both civilizations is that at the bottom of their social class were slaves and peasants. Both societies had this in their social class. Another similarity is both civilizations had male dominance, which turned to the agriculture revolution, which degraded women because of decreased dependency and their lack of labor skills. This revolution happens in both civilizations, which caused for male dominance to occur because women became house wives and were stuck to be inside. Lastly Kings were in both civilizations social class, both civilizations consisted of a king, even though each civilization king had their own power and ruling, each society had a suited king. This king ruled over the land for the people. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt consisted of this. In conclusion, Egypt and  Mesopotamia had their own similarities as well, as their differences from 3,500 B.C. Each society had similar traits, from kings ruling the land, male dominance in both Egypt and Mesopotamia, from the Neolithic era. As well, as the social class, of slaves and peasants being the lower or bottom class on the social class. Differences ranged from the power of government leaders, such as pharaohs and kings, who had what control of which land in the civilization, and lastly the government itself, and how it was kept and was it stable and strong, or weak and falling. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt came across both these similarities and differences. Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their political and social structures. Egypt had more of authorial government, where one head person was in charge which in this case was the pharaoh, which was the head on Egypt social class, as well as leader of his society. The Pharaoh was basically a king ruling for his people, while Mesopotamia, had city states, which was controlled by priest kings. Another difference is that in Egypt the Pharaoh had complete control over the land, while in Mesopotamia the kings were not so powerful, and the land was split with others such as priest kings. Lastly, Egypt had a centralized government, while Mesopotamia did not have this. Egypt was ruled under one leader and was together as a unity. Egypt had an overall leader such as the Pharaoh, which helped Egypt stay united as one government and civilization. Mesopotamia didn’t have this they were lacking this, they had a lack of barriers and a constant competition for power led to continuous warfare between the two societies. This made Mesopotamia not united at all and made them weak and an unstable society. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had their similarities of political and social structures in their societies. One similarity of the social structure of both civilizations is that at the bottom of their social class were slaves and peasants. Both societies had this in their social class. Another  similarity is both civilizations had male dominance, which turned to the agriculture revolution, which degraded women because of decreased dependency and their lack of labor skills. This revolution happens in both civilizations, which caused for male dominance to occur because women became house wives and were stuck to be inside. Lastly Kings were in both civilizations social class, both civilizations consisted of a king, even though each civilization king had their own power and ruling, each society had a suited king. This king ruled over the land for the people. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt consisted of this. In conclusion, Egypt and Mesopotamia had their own similarities as well, as their differences from 3,500 B.C. Each society had similar traits, from kings ruling the land, male dominance in both Egypt and Mesopotamia, from the Neolithic era. As well, as the social class, of slaves and peasants being the lower or bottom class on the social class. Differences ranged from the power of government leaders, such as pharaohs and kings, who had what control of which land in the civilization, and lastly the government itself, and how it was kept and was it stable and strong, or weak and falling. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt came across both these similarities and differences. Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their political and social structures. Egypt had more of authorial government, where one head person was in charge which in this case was the pharaoh, which was the head on Egypt social class, as well as leader of his society. The Pharaoh was basically a king ruling for his people, while Mesopotamia, had city states, which was controlled by priest kings. Another difference is that in Egypt the Pharaoh had complete control over the land, while in Mesopotamia the kings were not so powerful, and the land was split with others such as priest kings. Lastly, Egypt had a centralized government, while Mesopotamia did not have this. Egypt was ruled under one leader and was together as a  unity. Egypt had an overall leader such as the Pharaoh, which helped Egypt stay united as one government and civilization. Mesopotamia didn’t have this they were lacking this, they had a lack of barriers and a constant competition for power led to continuous warfare between the two societies. This made Mesopotamia not united at all and made them weak and an unstable society. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had their similarities of political and social structures in their societies. One similarity of the social structure of bot h civilizations is that at the bottom of their social class were slaves and peasants. Both societies had this in their social class. Another similarity is both civilizations had male dominance, which turned to the agriculture revolution, which degraded women because of decreased dependency and their lack of labor skills. This revolution happens in both civilizations, which caused for male dominance to occur because women became house wives and were stuck to be inside. Lastly Kings were in both civilizations social class, both civilizations consisted of a king, even though each civilization king had their own power and ruling, each society had a suited king. This king ruled over the land for the people. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt consisted of this. In conclusion, Egypt and Mesopotamia had their own similarities as well, as their differences from 3,500 B.C. Each society had similar traits, from kings ruling the land, male dominance in both Egypt and Mesopotamia, from the Neolithic era. As well, as the social class, of slaves and peasants being the lower or bottom class on the social class. Differences ranged from the power of government leaders, such as pharaohs and kings, who had what control of which land in the civilization, and lastly the government itself, and how it was kept and was it stable and strong, or weak and falling. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt came across both these similarities and differences.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 12

â€Å"It's going to be a lovely day – perfect for a picnic,† Meredith observed calmly. Bonnie had tactful y but firmly steered Celia into Matt's car instead of Meredith's, and so Meredith was alone with Alaric – at last! – for the first time since he'd arrived. Half of her just wanted to pul off the road, grab Alaric, and kiss him and kiss him, she was so glad that he was final y here. Al through the insanity of the last few months, she'd wished that he were there to fight by her side, to depend on. But the other half of her wanted to pul off the road, grab Alaric, and demand that he explain to her exactly what his relationship was with Dr. Celia Connor. Instead, here she was, driving placidly, hands at ten and two on the steering wheel, making smal talk about the weather. She felt like a coward, and Meredith Suarez was no coward. But what could she say? What if she was just paranoid, and making a ridiculous fuss about a strictly professional relationship? She glanced at Alaric out of the corner of her eye. â€Å"So†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she said. â€Å"Tel me more about your research in Japan.† Alaric ran his hands through his already tousled hair and grinned at her. â€Å"The trip was fascinating,† he said. â€Å"Celia's so intel igent and experienced. She just puts together al these clues about a civilization. It was a real eye-opener for me to watch her decipher so much from the evidence in the graves there. I never knew much about forensic anthropology before, but she was able to reconstruct an amazing amount about the culture of Unmei no Shima.† â€Å"Sounds like she's simply amazing,† Meredith said, hearing the acid in her tone. Apparently Alaric didn't notice it. He smiled a little. â€Å"It took quite a while for her to take my paranormal research seriously,† he said rueful y. â€Å"Parapsychology isn't particularly wel regarded by the experts in other scientific disciplines. They think people like me who choose to spend their lives studying the supernatural are charlatans, or naive. Or a little crazy.† Meredith made herself speak pleasantly. â€Å"You were able to convince her at last, though? That's good.† â€Å"Sort of,† Alaric answered. â€Å"We got to be friends, anyway, so she stopped thinking I was a complete fraud. I think she's found it al a lot more believable after the one day she's spent here, though.† He gave a wry smile. â€Å"She tried to hide it, but she was blown away yesterday when Stefan saved her. The existence of a vampire makes it clear that there's a lot conventional science knows nothing about. I'm sure she'l want to examine Stefan if he'l let her.† â€Å"I would imagine so,† said Meredith dryly, resisting the urge to ask Alaric why he thought Stefan would cooperate when he had seemed so displeased that Alaric had told Celia about him. Alaric slid a hand across the car seat until he was close enough to run a finger gently along Meredith's arm. â€Å"I learned a lot while I was gone,† he said earnestly, â€Å"but I'm real y more concerned about what's going on right now in Fel ‘s Church.† â€Å"You mean this dark magic that is supposedly rising here?† Meredith asked. â€Å"I mean the dark magic that seems to be targeting you and Celia,† Alaric said forceful y. â€Å"I'm not sure either of you is taking it seriously enough.† Me and Celia, thought Meredith. He's just as worried about her as he is about me. Maybe more. â€Å"I know we've faced danger in the past, but I feel responsible for Celia,† Alaric went on. â€Å"I brought her here, and I'd never be able to forgive myself if something happened to her.† Definitely more, Meredith thought bitterly, and shrugged off Alaric's hand. She instantly regretted the motion. What was the matter with her? This wasn't who she was. She'd always been the calm, rational one. Now here she was feeling like, wel , like a jealous girlfriend. â€Å"And now it's threatening you, too,† Alaric went on. He tentatively touched her knee, and this time Meredith let his hand stay. â€Å"Meredith, I know how strong you are. But it's terrifying to me that this doesn't seem to be the kind of enemy we're used to. How can we fight what we can't even see?† â€Å"Al we can do is be vigilant,† Meredith said. Her training had been comprehensive, but even she didn't understand this new evil. Yet she knew how to protect herself much better than Alaric realized. She glanced at him out of the corner of her eye. His window was open a crack, and the breeze ruffled his sandy hair. They knew each other so wel , yet he stil didn't know her biggest secret. For a moment she considered tel ing him, but then he turned to her and said, â€Å"Celia's putting on a brave face, but I can tel she's scared. She's not as tough as you are.† Meredith stiffened. No, this wasn't the right time to tel Alaric that she was a hunter-slayer. Not when she was driving. Not when she was this angry. Suddenly his hand felt heavy and clammy on her knee, but she knew she couldn't push it off again without betraying her feelings. Inside, though, she was raging at how the conversation kept coming back to Celia. Alaric had thought of her first. And even when he was talking about the danger to Meredith, he couched it in terms of what had happened to Celia. Alaric's voice became a buzz in the background as Meredith clutched the steering wheel so tightly her knuckles whitened. Real y, why was she surprised that Alaric had feelings for Celia? Meredith wasn't blind. She could be objective. Celia was smart, accomplished, beautiful. Celia and Alaric were in the same place in their lives. Meredith hadn't even started col ege yet. She was attractive – she knew that – and certainly intel igent. But Celia was al that and more: She was Alaric's equal in a way Meredith couldn't be just yet. Sure, Meredith was a vampire hunter. But Alaric didn't know that. And when he did know, would he admire her strength? Or would he turn away from her, scared of her abilities, and toward someone more academic, like Celia? A black bubble of misery fil ed Meredith's chest. â€Å"I'm beginning to think I should take Celia away from here if I can get her to leave.† Alaric sounded reluctant, but Meredith could hardly hear him. She felt as cold as if she were being enveloped in a fog. â€Å"Maybe I should get her back to Boston. I think you should leave Fel ‘s Church, too, Meredith, if you can convince your family to let you go away for the rest of the summer. You could come with us, or maybe there's a relative you could stay with if your family wouldn't like that. I'm worried that you aren't safe here.† â€Å"Nothing's happened to me yet,† said Meredith, surprised by the calm of her own voice, when such dark emotions were boiling inside her. â€Å"And I have a responsibility to be here and protect the town. If you think Celia wil be safer away from here, do what you and she think is best. But you know there's no guarantee that whatever's threatening us won't fol ow her somewhere else. And at least here there are people who believe in the danger. â€Å"Besides,† she added thoughtful y, â€Å"the threat to Celia may be over. Maybe once the attack is averted, it moves on to someone else. My name didn't appear until after Stefan saved Celia. If so, then the danger is only to me.† Not that you care, she thought viciously, and was surprised at herself. Of course Alaric cared. It was just that he seemed to care about what happened to Celia more. Her fingernails cut into her palms around the steering wheel as she careful y fol owed Stefan's car off the road and toward the parking lot for Hot Springs. â€Å"Stop!† Alaric shouted, panic in his voice, and Meredith automatical y slammed on the brakes. The car squealed to a halt. â€Å"What?† Meredith gasped. â€Å"What is it?† And then she saw her. Dr. Celia Connor had gotten out of Matt's car to cross to the path up to the springs. Meredith had come speeding right toward her. Only inches from Meredith's front bumper, Celia was frozen, her pretty face gray with fear, her mouth a perfect O. One more second, and Meredith would have kil ed her.

DBQ 2. Reporter Paine. Reconciliation with Britain. Declaration.

DBQ’s – Questions and AnswersDocument 1 Why did Whately (and probably most other English officials) feel that the American colonists should be willing to pay higher taxes to Parliament? Whately felt that American Colonists should contribute to the preservation of the advantages they have received.Document 2 According to Dickinson, what taxes was Parliament justified in imposing on the colonies? According to Dickinson, Parliament was justified in imposing the Stamp Act on the colonies. Why did he object to the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts? Dickinson objected to the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts because he did not have the authority to levy taxes.Document 3 How does the engraving tell a different story from the above description of the Boston Massacre? The engraving was a anti-British propaganda. Where do you suppose the term â€Å"massacre† to describe this event came from? This event is described as the term â€Å"massacre† because the Boston boys w ere taunted and cursed by the mean British soldiers.Document 4 Who did Cresswell blame for the growing antagonism between the British and the American colonists? Cresswell blamed New England for the growing antagonism between the British and the American Colonists.Document 5 Why, according to this document, were the Americans justified in fighting the British? According to this document, Americans defended themselves against British tyranny. Since the Parliament’s claim was that it had authority over the colonies â€Å"in all cases whatsoever†, the Americans felt threatened and had to resist by force.Document 6 Why was Paine unwilling to be reconciled with Britain? Paine was unwilling to be reconciled with Britain because it brought war into the land. Was Paine an objective and unbiased reporter? Explain. Paine was not an objective and unbiased reported because he was going against the king.Document 7 How does this document describe King George? This document describes King George as a tyrant. Was the Declaration an objective and unbiased statement of the American-British conflict? Explain. The Declaration was not objective and unbiased statement of the American-British conflict because it was on the American side.Essay 763 marked the end of French and Indian war and caused a great celebration and pride in the American colonies. But, in next twelve years, the same pride was altered by at bitter and violent conflict with the mother country. The injustices of the mother country finally led the American colonists to declare independence and wage war against it. American colonies were justified for waging war and breaking away from Britain because they were defending themselves against a series of measures Parliament wished to impose on their communities without their consent.In Thomas Whately’s pamphlet â€Å"Considerations† he expressed Britain’s view of taxation. The British felt that the colonists should pay higher taxes beca use they owe them for the help they received in the French and Indian War. Britain imposed new tax acts such as the Stamp Acts and the Sugar acts. However, the colonists felt threatened by these new rules (Doc1). Parliament imposed the Townshend Act, which raised taxes on imported goods. According to John Dickinson, Parliament was justified in imposing the Stamp Act on the colonies. Never did the British parliament, [until the passage of the Stamp Act] think of imposing duties in America for the purpose of raising a revenue† (Doc2). Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense to convince the common people to support independence. His main idea was that Britain wants America for its resources. He also believed that Britain was too small to rule a continent, and that Britain was willing to kill its own people (OI). Paine was unwilling to be reconciled with Britain because it brought war into the land.He was not an objective and unbiased reporter because he was going against the king (Doc6). After all the big American-British conflict, the Americans finally gained their independence. They signed the Declaration of Independence adopted by The Continental Congress of July 4 1776. This document was objective and unbiased because it took the American side. It also mentioned King George – â€Å"the history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations [unlawful seizures], all having in direct objest the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States† (Doc7).

Difference Between Economic Growth and Economic Development Essay

Economic Growth is a narrower concept than economic development.It is an increase in a country’s real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources (by education etc.), increase in the quantity of resources & improvements in technology or in another way an increase in the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy. Economic Growth can be measured by an increase in a country’s GDP (gross domestic product). Economic development is a normative concept i.e. it applies in the context of people’s sense of morality (right and wrong, good and bad). The definition of economic development given by Michael Todaro is an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice. The most accurate method of measuring development is the Human Development Index which takes into account the literacy rates & life expectancy which affect productivity and could lead to Economic Growth. It also leads to the creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment.It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen. Economic Growth does not take into account the size of the informal economy. The informal economy is also known as the black economy which is unrecorded economic activity. Development alleviates people from low standards of living into proper employment with suitable shelter. Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which might lead to pollution, congestion & disease. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on them due to Global warming. Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition of economic development.

Gustave Caillebott's Rainy Day In Paris Term Paper

Gustave Caillebott's Rainy Day In Paris - Term Paper Example It reflects categorically the works of construction that characterized Baron Haussmann building. This paper gives acritical analysis of artwork detailing its author, key significance, how it conforms to culture, style, and color of production. It also contains the visual analysis of its composition and depth of painting. Evidently, the oil painting was executed based on quality guidelines of fine artwork. The object is clearly presented, well-shaped, painted with good color, and composition. It is also clear and in good shape and size, that enables effective view and conceptualization. That is, the object has a clear view including other subsidiary objects in its surrounding that include the human beings (Lehrer 140). Particularly, the painting of the rainy day is balanced as they are placed at strategic areas that ensure balancing of the painting material without learning towards the left or right side. The size of the painting and space also enables viewers to see the paintings clearly thereby execute accurate differentiations. The artist utilized the space accurately, optimally to ensure that the objects are balanced effectively, colored appropriately, and presentation is done in good sizes. Subsequently, the painting is colorful and strongly in-depth based on its structure. As noted, the rainy Day is a piece of work that has received immense accreditation as a superior artwork with relevant cultural significance. The artwork portrays a great picture of urban life depicting how people move along the streets and between buildings, the structural design of the urban cities and the dress code (Purdy 125). This is apparent as the picture depicts the place de Dublin that is located at a road intersection point eastwards of Gare Saint-lazare. From the painting, one can see buildings, couples walking and people moving with umbrellas. Its main theme is to enlighten individuals about the cultural practices in urban areas including how people move about

Naked Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Naked Economics - Essay Example Wheelen has stressd the importance of innovation in his opening chapter. He says that trade is like innovation. Imagining larger goals such as turning corn into stereo, soybeans into cars and Windows software into French wine, he says that such a large context innovation is happening in trade in both rich and poor countries. According to him trade makes people richer and brings in more specialization in production. Wheelen's argument is that trade is mutually beneficial as it is based on the concept of voluntary exchange. In today's global trade order innovation has a greater role and helps in the value addition of global trade. The growing competitive environment and emergence of new industry houses from developing markets are compelling industrial houses world over and ambitious nations to give shape a solid action plan for the long term existence. With the opening up of economies, the capital flow has now become freer and margins have come down significantly. Most of these compani es are now working on shoe string margins or carrying out specific cost saving measures to increase their competitive advantages. Companies from developing nations are also aggressively entering into the markets in developed world such as United States, European Union and United Kingdom. While industry has to decrease the cost of production, it was necessary to improve technology and product quality to sustain in this highly competitive global trade scenario. It is in this scenario that multi national companies are thinking of a new approach for growth. Innovation is considered as the major factor deciding the competitive power of industries and nations. Wheelen says that trade makes the world richer by allowing greater specialization in production. According to Wheelen the trade will also help the customers products and services are lower cost. Not yet finished extolling the virtues of international trade, Wheelen turns to saying the myths of "sweatshop labor" and a trade-fostered environmental "race to the bottom." In the chapter "The Power of Markets", he portraits the power of markets to improve the consumer's life. He describe in the work about how markets use "prices to allocate scarce resources," how "markets are self-correcting," and how "every market transaction makes all parties better off." Trade is an unavoidable necessity in today's economics. Wheelen is successful in evaluating the strength of market and trade in improving living standards. He portraits how politics is influenced by trade related issues. Providing a in-depth analysis of public choice field of economics, he says that even smaller groups can make political impacts in the economic interest. In the chapter "The Power of Organized Interests," he says that farmers and ethanol producers were able to wrangle beneficial legislation with their collective bargaining power. It also gives an idea of rent seeking and explains how regulations such as occupational licensing can become powerful tools for self-interested individuals to extract rewards that they would be unable to in the marketplace. After illustrating how free markets are virtually always superior to markets regulated by government intervention, he suggests ways that governments can improve things by intervening in those markets. It may seem that Wheelan is a leftist economics. But his actual success is that he was able to give a clear picture of how market performs in the new economic order. His says that wages

Production in the Long Run Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Production in the Long Run - Essay Example When it comes to marginal product, change in production is registered after the addition of capital employed. (Steinemann 11) This could be an added employee. The major point about the long run is that all the factors pertaining to production are assumed to be variable. The term ‘Returns to Scale’ is a term used to refer to the process by which a firms output, responds to change factors input. An example of this is as outlined in the table below; Labor Input Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 Plant 4 10 40 100 130 150 20 100 120 150 173 30 120 140 175 199 40 130 170 200 231 50 150 190 230 260 Capital Input 10 20 30 40 Courtesy of (http://tutor2u.net/) From the above chart, Plant 1, business increases to 40 working with labor input 10 and capital input of 10. This demonstrates increase in returns to scale, resulting to a fall in the total cost of production. Generally, the scale of production can be increased or reduced. This is due to the variability of all factors. As a result, th e firm moves to new average cost curves. Every firm has an equivalent short run average cost curve, with the firms’ expansion, it moves on to different short run average cost curves. Economies of scale result after the expanded scale output leads to a lower average cost for each level of output. The overhead costs relative to the running costs will probably be high in industries where big networks and national distribution are necessary. This leaves only little room for the company to exploit the returns of scale available in the market. When the cost disadvantage of operation is small, the companies/firms may operate at a profit. This also happens in price differentiation allowing small suppliers to sell their produce at premium price to the market average, on the advantage, willingness and ability for the consumers to pay high prices to cover the cost per unit. A high level of industry concentration is likely, where the minimum efficient scale of production is high as compa red to overall market demand. The time duration required for the long run id different from one sector to another. For example, in the nuclear power industry, it can take so many years to commission a new power plant or improve capacity. The law of diminishing marginal returns is the only critical difference between long run and short run (Tutor2u par 4). This law only applies to short run, which has a fixed output unlike the case of long run where it’s output are variable. Difference between the short and long run could differ depending on the period; some producers may operate at short run over a minimal period while others may operate at short run over a long time. Variability in the long run also applies to the quantity of capital. This means that, the company can not only adjust manpower in the industry but can also increase the size of the factory. For example, if the currently used factory is used beyond capacity, then a bigger one is constructed in the long run to acc ommodate more output. In the case where the factory has used space, it is possible to relocate to a smaller factory in the long run. The major concerns in the long run production, is how producers adjust the inputs under their control considering changes in prices. All production activities include input that is beyond the producer’s control. This includes the Government and its regulations, forces of nature, weather, and social customs and institutions. These variables are not

Business process modling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business process modling - Essay Example This report will detail the business process modeling exercise involved in invoicing as pertains to the SAP system. Based on the SAP system, the invoice modeling process has ten key stages. It starts with the reception of the invoice followed by confirmation of receipt. The confirmation phase revolves around making an official request for verification to the relevant authorities. Once confirmation has been received, the invoice is sorted and then reviewed for compliance. The next stage entails validating the vendors who sent the invoice. Validation is necessary to ensure that payment is not made to fraudulent vendors and the business does not lose money in the process. After this, the invoice is validated, the due payment is processed, and the invoice is archived for future reference. Archiving the invoice is vital for purposes of recordkeeping. The body of this report will be based on two concepts: governance structure and business process modeling. This will be followed by a conclusion that comprehensively summarizes the main points discussed in the report and the potential implications on the subject of study. The first group meeting was convened on 2nd May 2015 at around 2:30 pm. The venue of the meeting was on the fourth floor of the library at GP. Despite the delays, the team went ahead to start on the assignment as per the discussions. The main agenda of the meeting was on business process modelling. The members worked hard enough for the success of the group. Every team member took the assigned duty with enthusiasm. The assigned roles to the members were covered elaborately. The tasks carried out by the group extended as discussed. First, the governing structure, covered by Sammie Wa’ahero, entailed the process of the architecture of the SSP and the modelling conventions. The process architecture, as described by Sammie, is where the direct invoice process precisely positioned. The

Networkinh Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Networkinh - Assignment Example In this scenario, they need to implement a computer network. This report discusses the scenario of Sally and John’s business, as they are running their business without having a proper computer network. This report suggests ways that can be adopted to improve their business capabilities. Introduction A computer network consists of a set of a number of parts which include hardware, software, and computers and all these parts are connected with each other using a wired or wireless medium to help business workers work in cooperation. Additionally, a network is established using particular cabling systems, software, communication medium and devices which deal with data traffic. Hence, a computer network allows its users to share files such as MS Word documents and resource such as scanners and printers, and transmits messages and data files electronically (or email) to each other (TechsChange, 2010; Nash, 2000; Norton, 2001; Turban et al., 2005). This report discusses the concept of networking in the context of Sally and John’s business. They are running their business without having a network support so they are facing several problems in managing their business tasks. This report guides them regarding the establishment of an effective network structure. Problem Analysis and Proposed Solution Up till now John and Sally have been using traditional approaches to run and manage their business process. In view of the fact that their business is growing rapidly and there is a need for an effective communication structure in order to deal with growing business needs hence they need to implement a computer network. A computer network is a set of computers which are connected with each other using wired or wireless medium. In this scenario, networks which are used using wires and cables are known as wired networks. On the other hand, wireless networks use microwaves or radio waves for the communication (Mitchell, 2013; Shelly et al., 2005; Malladi & Agrawal, 2002). Some of the basic requirements and objectives of this network implementation are: John and Silly want to improve communication structure for their business The establishment of an effective data and file sharing environment Implementation of secure data access points of communication Getting a support for remote access to the network Getting the facility of remote data transfer and access mechanism Putting into practice modern data communication framework Implementing an effective data recovery and backup mechanism The implementation of a network structure which allows them to transfer and retrieve data at high speed Suggested Solution Implementation of a VPN (Virtual Private Network) In light of business needs and objectives of John and Sally, I would suggest them to implement a modern and efficient network structure for their business. In this scenario, I would suggest them to implement a virtual private network VPN. A virtual private network extends the range of a private network incorporates connections all the way through public or shared networks such as the Internet. Basically, a VPN allows users to send and receive data and files between two computers across a public or shared internetwork in a way that follows the rules and characteristics of a point-to-point private link. In addition, the

Job Design as a Motivational Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Design as a Motivational Tool - Essay Example Job enrichment is the practice of enhancing job content by building into it more motivating factors such as responsibility, achievement, recognition, and personal growth (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn). A small business owner depends a lot on the output of their staff since resources are limited. The employees must be empowered by the owner in order to get more out these employees. The job enrichment strategy can be used effectively by proving the employee with higher level of involvement in the everyday activities of the business so that the employee feels that the overall performance of the company is highly dependent of the work the person is performing. Job enlargement increases the variety of tasks by combining two or more jobs into job description that used to be performed by different set of workers. This is a very typical scenario in a small business. Sometimes the accountant is also the marketing executives. The small business owner can use this strategy, but the owner must m ake sure the employee is being compensated adequately in financial terms so that the person does not feel he / she is being exploited. Job rotation is a work layout technique that involves a horizontal approach which involves the periodical shifting or rotating of employees into different job tasks. In small company job rotation occurs intrinsic without the employees noticing the business owner is shifting their job duties. The business need determines the rotation of the employee. Employees get motivated when the manager gives them different tasks to perform because the monotony of repetitive work tasks is eliminated. Employees enjoy working in a place where their time needs are part of the equation. A system that provides the flexibility employees desired is flextime. Flextime is a job design system that allows the employee to select the time he or she will

Older Adulthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Older Adulthood - Essay Example This means that some diseases and health defects associated with old age can be prevented or at least reduced if proper care is taken. I will advocate for routine medical checkup for me and my friends so that these many complications are avoided in future. For example, it has come to my attention that avoiding exposure to environmental toxins and other hazards and also getting faster access to healthcare can avoid these complications. For a successful transition into old age, I will from now henceforth advice those with old age to accept the change, be sociable and also employ spiritual faith. Older adults require religious support and spiritual nourishment to enable them cope as I have just realized. Another way of coping is by keeping old and retired people busy by volunteering. This enable them overcome depression associated with old age, widowhood or caring for a sick partner. Having family members visit the old is refreshing to them (Kail and Cavanaugh 519). Old people are sometimes neglected or abused. This is not good as they require as minimum stress as possible. I have a changed opinion about old age, and will from now on emphasize on love and care for the old people. From this class, I have learnt of better ways of caring for and helping the older people. I have also gained an insight that can enable me advice old people into successful transition to old age. Plus, it has changed my view on old age. Old is

Fujitsu Siemens Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Fujitsu Siemens Computers - Essay Example This essay stresses that large market and increased production scale is favorable for attaining the targeted market growth. The joint venture of technological firms makes possible to share the ideas and knowledge relating to competing and emerging technologies between firms. The research and development process becomes advanced through combination different useful ideas and knowledge. External participation in research and development process is helpful for diversifying the research process. Firms can concentrate on major research process through sharing the development cost. Organizational efficiency improvement is the main tool for competing in the industry. The organizational efficiency will be much improved by changing the organizational strategy by business combination. Fujitsu is a leading firm in the field of internet focused IT solutions, on a global basis. This paper makes a conclusion that in case of Fujitsu and Siemens, the equity joint venture strategy is suitable to each other for exchanging the technical know-how and manufacturing capabilities. Their stable and reliable partnership provides suitable environment for attaining business growth and profitability in the competitive industrial conditions. Through the joint venture they attained world’s most complete product and solution portfolios with world class computer technology and innovative IT infrastructure capabilities.

Managing visitors space Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing visitors space - Research Paper Example Tourism has been identified to bring with it peak seasons, and also result to the decline of the economy. When such issues occur, natural resources, funding and labor suffer from fluctuations due to variations of the tourism seasons. The extension of tourist season entails of many offering festivals and keeping museums and hotels. The intensity of summer tourists season leaves an environment and the community exhausted. However, the off-season is the period where the residents return to their normal activities, and they use the facilities that are usually occupied by tourists. Peaking results to, exceptional strains on the community and the infrastructure. However, the resident population instead of the number of tourists likely determines this. The traditional mass tourists are usually replaced by various short-break visitor and diversity since they are major aspects of any tourism products. The survival of a tourism industry develops a better understanding of the local image and th is has an impact on the host community, considering the long-term effects evident in the development plans. However, it has been noted that a decline in the local management and its development cannot be realized due to the success of the hospitality industry, which rests at a local level (Morgan et al. 2011). The extension of the tourists season in the shoulder months is a goal that is usually economically beneficial for the involved businesses. However, social viability depends on the attitudes of the residents. It is also important to know that some factors usually contribute to the formation of different opinions with an aim of preventing conflicts, and to promote beneficial community factors. The social carrying capacity of any tourist attraction site depends on the resident’s attitude and their tolerance to the tourist’s presence. However, various factors are involved the formulation of a community social carrying capacity. However, the knowledgeable the resident s are concerning the tourism benefits, the greater the involvement process and the threshold tolerance (McCool and Moisey, 2008). There are several challenges that occur based on the management of different visitor visits. These have been noted to be controlled through various strategies and demand management. The community is described as the base for the tourism industry, and they must be involved to ensure that sustainable tourism is managed. It is also vital for any tourist attraction one to be aware of the effect that tourism has on the economy so that they can demonstrate the benefits that an industry offers the area. The quality in tourism and hospitality industry entails of efforts of the managers to ensure that they achieve profitability and success. This is done in a manner that meets the requirements of tourists and stakeholders involved. This means that consisted delivery of products and guest services meet the expectation of the consumer’s standards. When quality services are delivered, this is termed as a major challenge that the hospitality manager encounter since it is essential conditions that yield success (Morgan et al. 2011). The offered services are competitive and have been termed to develop global hospitality markets. Various tools are used to measure and improve the quality of services, and the mechanism of quality recognition in the tourism indus

How are African -Americans Represented on the Screen and in the Media Essay

How are African -Americans Represented on the Screen and in the Media - Essay Example African Americans have achieved prominence in many fields in American, still the media for racial and psycho – political reasons; have historically failed to project a balanced perspective of the Black experience. Mainstream media has systematically under – represented African Americans in genre outside sports, music and comedy and over represented Blacks as criminal or indigents. It shows that Blacks are takers and burden for the society. The news media of America rarely publicize Black’s contribution to American serious business, making their image appear that of an irresponsible community. Television news tend to illustrate welfare and poverty by portraying urban Black rather than rural whites. As per (Entman 59)â€Å"In its reporting on poverty, television paints a Bosch- like – landscape of social disruption and danger in which the principal actors, mainly Black, are visually associated with poverty as threat†. In earlier movies, African Americ ans were depicted as slaves and servants. Politically Blacks are depicted as sources of disruption, as victims, or as complaining supplicants. American belief about Black is based on what they observe in movies, television, dramas, newspaper, radio and other medias. Sadly, media elites may have some incentive to represent Black in negative terms. They want to appeal white and to entertain them showing their privilege and white dominion in the society. In his book (Covington 98)writes that ,â€Å"Across a whole range of media, the Black people are held responsible for their won poverty and violence because their under value class cause their self – defeating behaviors†. Even the black women characters in many films get implicated in the violence of males, especially the black single mothers who raise their sons alone. Films depict black single mothers as incapable of raising children, thereby blaming them for the poverty and violence that pervades underclass communities . Movies represent black women as hedonistic and oversexed and routinely cast them as drug addicts and prostitutes. Clearly crime also has increasingly become a way to talk about race differences in Hollywood, political campaigns and news media. In his journal (Balkaran ) mentions that ,â€Å" As a result of the overwhelming media focus on crime, drug use, gang violence, and other forms of anti-social behavior among African-Americans, the media have fostered a distorted and pernicious public perception of African-Americans†. Black males are constantly portrayed as dangerous and assaulting and killing each other in gang fights or brawls as a way of achieving manhood. Black woman also have long been represented as masculinized in media and films. As per (Murarka) â€Å"African Americans portrayals in the media are often times based on negative stereotypes they do not accurately portray reality†. According to (Hall 90)â€Å"Media has portrayed African American men as vio lent, menacing, and dangerous, often time having very dark skin and overly exaggerated†. This is kind of color representation of African males enhances negative evaluation on all the African American males. The media and films have always socially alienated African Americans throughout American history. Media consistently shows Black American youth as gang bangers, drug dealers, misogynists and gold wearing criminal misfits. In 1980s television

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Business Ethics - Essay Example The plot revolves around the business interrelation that exists between China, Iran and the United States of America. It begins with a missile that vanishes in Iran. This creates tension among security forces in the US and the CIA is the most affected. Funny enough this does not worry them as they have something else bigger to worry about. In relation to this, the new owner of the Emirates oil company gives a deal to China and cuts out a company from the US that reacts by firing all its workers who are not of the native origin and goes further to combine with an undersized firm which has just landed on an oil contract in Kazakhstani. The US unit of justice notices bribery in the oil firm’s law unit finds its way out by identifying a scapegoat. Bribery is against business ethics and it brings a bad picture of the company. The CIA needs to find a scapegoat as well after the mission of eliminating Emir-apparent backfires. This can be described as unethical skills of doing busines s because it is engaging in criminal activities so as to gain certain interest. Bob Barnes a CIA agent looks into the whole saga which is considered to be a double cross. An economist from America sacrifices his son to come into contract with sheik which entailed advising him that the CIA wants him dead. The movie features current events in the business world such as oil trade. The world depends on oil and people would do anything to ensure that they have this commodity even if it means breaking business ethical rules.

Health Psychology Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Psychology Master - Essay Example As Tudor (1996) states mental health should be seen as a 'positive concept', that must be seen as different from psychopathology. Good mental health is not only about not having difficulties which cannot be overcome, but also implies that the individual will develop in, an emotionally and intellectually, healthy way across their lifetime. These healthy skills will give the individual, child or adult, the strength to be able to manage when life's inevitable problems find them, as well as being able to form fulfilling interpersonal relationships (BMA, 2006; MHF, 2006). The term mental health covers a wide range of difficulties that individuals may encounter throughout their lives. These can range from everyday concerns, such as a homework deadline, to severe and crippling problems, such as depression (BMA, 2006). The ONS (2006) defines mental health disorders as a set of clinically recognised abnormal behaviour and symptoms, which cause the individual extreme distress and distortion to their everyday lives. These crippling problems cause great suffering for the individual, and severely affect their ability to function in everyday life. However, these disorders do not manifest over night. They are usually brought on slowly and have roots in childhood (Ahrons, 2004). Therefore, if British children are already suffering from mental health difficulties, then as an adult they will have a high chance of these problems continuing or reoccurring. As has been reported in the media (USAtoday, 2008; The Times, 2008; BBC, 2008) British society seems to be letting down their children, as they are reportedly 'the unhappiest children in Europe' (UNICEF, 2006). Other research has implied these same results (Alexander & Hargreaves, 2007; Porthouse, 2006). Research published in Porthouse (2006) stated that John Bradshaw has shown that British children were more unhappy than most of their European counterparts. This led to a flurry of research on the matter. Bradshaw's report (Porthouse, 2006) and later ones from UNICEF (2006) have suggested that Britain is one of the worst places for child health, that British teenagers have the second lowest score for their hopes and ambitions for their future careers and employment prospects. The UNICEF (2006) report covered six main dimensions including material wealth, family relationships and peer relationships, education, the child's subjective understanding of their well-being, all brought toget her to present an encompassing picture of British children's lives. Alexander & Hargreaves (2007) state that what was most striking from their research was the amount of agreement which the results showed, particularly in the main areas of 'educational purpose, curriculum and assessment, the condition of childhood and society, and the world in which today's children are growing up' (p.1). What was more striking though was the negativity and 'critical tenor' that these issues told the researchers. The researchers found repeatedly that the children felt under powerful or even extreme pressure from the schools they attended. However, Harris and Guten (1979) state an individual's health behaviour shows little consistency. They may go to the gym everyday to look after their bodies, and then eat fast-food burger on the way home. This makes applying theory difficult. In addition, health behaviour tends to change over periods of time, making conclusive assumptions of

Research Paper english 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Paper english 101 - Essay Example To form a union, employees must first discuss the issues that are affecting them privately and in the process lobby for support from the employees. During the private sessions the steps and plan of union creation are developing. The evaluation of the necessary requirements for the union is also addressed in the private meeting in order to sensitize the workers on the possibility of success as well as the challenges that may be met during the whole process. Such analysis will help motivate the employees to join the union being developed. During the private meeting research is conducted on the available unions and there area of operation or coverage. Legal implication and financial implication of the new union must be addressed in order to develop the understanding of the new situation. After research and evaluation of the legal implications of the union, worker can establish an appropriate bargaining unit (ABU). The ABU will facilitate indication of interest. A union can be formed onl y if at least 30% of those interested to submit official documents such as authorization card to show willingness to join the organization (Bradburn 67). The role of this step is to develop necessary support for the legislation process. After the establishment of the Appropriate Bargaining Unit, the committee must be able to obtain certification from the National Labor Relation Board. The certification can only be issued after meeting the necessary requirements for the union to be formed. The certification process ensures that the former union is legal and can protect and address issues of workers’ rights. After the approval from the national legislation, the union must conduct elections to fill the offices and help in defining the role of the leaders. The appointment of the chairman or union organizer will help when negotiations between management and the union is carried out. The chairman of the union organizer will be the representative of the union during the negotiation process thus facilitates the development of harmony between the union and company management. Research questions The following are the research question for the research Are unions important? Do the unions have a future in the changing human resource market? Literature review Unions have been able to help in the fight for workers right over the years with utmost success. The fight for workers’ rights has been remarkably successful because of the involvement of unions and trade unions that facilitate negotiations and give rise to the power of employees. The employee’s ability to succeed in the demands was made possible by the actions of the trade unions. Over the years, these unions have been able to champion for the rights of employees by lobbying for improvement of the work ethics or change in the working conditions of the people. The success of unions in protecting the will of employees Some countries still have powerful trade unions due to the inability of the gover nment to effect the employment and safety laws developed. However, some countries have a better legal system which in turn eliminates the work of unions. America has the best legal framework that covers all the needs of the workers while ensuring that the employer cannot exploit the worker through the creation of a structured legal system. The ability to handle whole issues in employment makes the Unions irrelevant. The current setup ensures that the workers’ rights are protected by the government because laws have been developed that cover all

The Strategic Control Process Essay Example for Free

The Strategic Control Process Essay Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Facts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is a holding company that allows only in possessing outstanding shares of other companies to own and control a number of various companies. The core business of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is to offer insurance, which comprise of property, casualty and reinsurance services. Also, it is engaged in specialty substandard insurance policies. Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is owned by the ‘world’s famous greatest stock market investor of the modern times’, Warren Edward Buffett. He is the current chairperson and the Chief Executive Officer of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. According to Anthony Bianco, author of the article ‘The Warren Buffett You Dont Know’, Warren Buffet considered Berkshire as his baby. He had purchased Berkshire Hathaway that amounts to $11 million in the year 1965. The legendary investor handled his business bearing in mind the investors and managers. However, he managed the holding company the way it is suitable with him. (BIANCO, July 5, 1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warren Edward Buffett is the second richest person next to Bill Gates in the whole world. He just started with a vanishing textile manufacturer and he made good use of the cash flows of his business into an enormous assortment of businesses that is stable and profitable. He invested from insurance and building equipments to clothing and furniture trading. The Insurance and finance subsidiaries are consisted of National Indemnity, GEICO Corporation and General Re, which is a mammoth reinsurance company. Other companies include See’s Candies, Dairy Queen, Clayton Homes, and Flight Safety International. And in the year 2006, the Business wire which is a press release distributor, and Russell, a sportswear company, were added to the list of subsidiaries that Berkshire Hathaway bought. Furthermore, ISCAR Metalworking, a manufacturer of metal cutting tools which was based in Israel was the primary foreign-based company that has been part of the Berkshire Hathaway Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warren Buffett possesses the 38 percent share of stock of Berkshire Hathaway. His trusted friend, Mr. Charles Munger is the co-owner and Vice-Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway Inc holding also big enough share of the company. However, the two principal stock holders of the Berkshire Hathaway business do not engage in a conversation that much anymore. Nevertheless, they did not argue on the matters that concerns the operation of the holding company.   As a matter of fact, the two investors are engaged in different leisure pursuit, Buffett on his dedicated way of continuous developing of Berkshire and Munger on his charitable works. (BIANCO, July 5, 1999) Strategic Management Strategic management is functioned as the most advanced and modern stage of the whole management process. It assists in directing employees’ sense of direction toward the accomplishment of the company’s goal. It is the fusion of strategic planning, implementation and controlling management where strategic control is to be focused.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategic control organization supports the implementation of the strategic plans. This aims to identify and fix the occurrence of problems that leads away from the main goal of the company without affecting the inventiveness and ingenuity of the process.(Lecture E-Strategic Planning,) This is connected with the monitoring progress towards strategic targets of the company (What is Strategic Control?, 2001). Almost every investments made by the Berkshire Hathaway prospers like gold. With this ability of Buffett, he was entitled as the modern – day Midas, a Phrygian king in Greek mythology, who has the power to turn everything that he had touched into gold. (BIANCO, July 5, 1999) But what makes Warren Buffet the world’s famous and greatest inventor of the modern time? How did Buffet manage Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., the holding company that finances his investments in public quoted stocks and buying companies? As mentioned in page above, Mr. Buffet is the owner and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway and Mr. Munger, the Vice-Chairman of the same holding company. The two managing partner of Berkshire Hathaway holding company delegate the responsibility of operating the business to the managers of every company subsidiary. Buffet and Munger left the key manager run their businesses as that is how those key managers like to operate. All the decisions regarding the functioning of the business operation is assigned to the managers. They would just turn over the excess profit that they have generated to the headquarters thus allowing them to concentrate on their responsibilities of the organizational cash flow and not with the diverse temptations. Furthermore, to gain the loyalty and commitment of the subordinates of the Berkshire Hathaway Inc., they comprehend the need to deal with the key managers specifically in the fairest manner possible. Because this is how they wanted to be treated if the situation is inverted. (BUFFET, 1996) As a matter of fact, Buffett intercept less in the operation of the business and rather oversee the whole operations from the top. He cultivated to initiate communication with the company’s executives and waited for them to report to him the things that were likely to cause trouble. He allowed his higher subordinates to directly contact him anytime they want. With that, many believed that the famous Warren Buffet is utilizing the laissez – faire management style. Laissez – faire style of leadership is where delegation of all duties and tasks is placed to the management staff while the role of the leader is just tangential. This is true in the case of how Warren Buffett manage the Berkshire Hathaway. Furthermore, less communication takes place in this type of leadership, the same with what Buffet is executing within the company. It is known that applying this type of leadership style generally leads to poor management, deficient in concentrating and sense of direction toward the main goal of the company. However, the opposite of the result is correct with what is happening in the Berkshire Hathaway management. With Laissez – faire style of leadership implemented in Buffet’s management of the holding company, professionalism and creativity in the group of employees is inculcated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the contrary, there is no absolute thing in the world. So the weak point of the Laissez – faire leadership type of Buffet surfaced. According also to the article of Pallavi Gogoi in his article â€Å"Buffet: Right Again?’, in 2002, General Re, the world’s largest reinsurance company which provides insurance for insurance company and the also the major subsidiary of the Berkshire Hathaway crediting for about 25 percent of the revenue of the holding company, got into intensifying reduction of profit and unfortunate operation. These losses are contributed in the desire to put policies in the competition out of business to increase the market share. The company had neglected the fact to allocate enough savings as for the compensation of the maintenance.   (GOGOI, MARCH 4, 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buffet set down the management to the Ronald Ferguson, the CEO of General Re for a long period of time. He was confident enough of General Re CEO. However, it turned out that Ferguson had ignored the early indications of weaknesses thus resulting to the misfortune losses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nonetheless, the business had the chance to rise again after the incident with the occurrence of the September 11 bombing tragedy. There was a sudden increase in the first – class income of the entire insurers. From that time on and for that specific reason, Warren Buffet took an active role in the operation of the reinsurance company. He had abandoned the hands – off rule in dealing with his business. (GOGOI, MARCH 4, 2002) Business Principles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warren Buffett arranges 13 basic business principles to recognize the management approach. This is made by Mr. Buffett himself in his ‘Owner’s Manual’. (BUFFET, 1996)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first principle is stated that even if the Berkshire Hathaway is a corporation, the managerial approach is the same with partnership with the shareholders of the holding company as owner – partners. The second principle said that a principal fraction of the company’s net worth endowed in the business is shared to majority of the directors thus both the owners and the shareholders get the advantage and disadvantage of the business operation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With this comes the ‘long – term economic goal’ of Berkshire Hathaway of making the most of the average annual rate of gain (AARG) through progress and development. Thus, this gives the third principle. Going on the fourth regulation is the acquisition and branching out of varying businesses that could produce earning beyond average returns on capital. The fifth is providing seemed – essential earning reports of the main businesses for individual decision makings. And the sixth code is that the operation and the decision for allocation of resources are indeterminate of the result of any financial reports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The seventh attitude is by organizing fixed – rate basis in a long period of time when borrowing loans as to be fair with the policyholders, lenders and many equity holders. Protection of the shareholder interest is considered in purchasing whole businesses and by which the eighth rule applies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ninth conduct is the regular inspection of the retention earning results. The tenth standard implies the issuing of common stock to the deserving businesses that in return generate the same business value. The issue of selling any company of good performance under Berkshire is the eleventh conduct thus maintaining the loyalty of the shareholders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The assurance of being truthful with the reports given to the shareholders is the twelfth code. And lastly, the thirteenth principle that Warren Buffet organize is in the degree level of lawfully necessity conferring about the business pursuit in profitable safety. â€Å"I love running Berkshire, and if enjoying life promotes longevity, Methuselah’s record is in jeopardy. â€Å" – Warren E. Buffett, Chairman References BIANCO, A. (July 5, 1999). The Warren Buffett You Dont Know [Electronic Version], 54. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://user.chollian.net/~hwangone/notice/notice20040830.htm. BUFFET, W. (1996). â€Å"An Owner’s Manual† [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/ownman.pdf. GOGOI, P. ( MARCH 4, 2002). Buffett: Right Again? [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_09/b3772094.htm. Lecture E-Strategic Planning [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.ee.uwa.edu.au/~ccroft/em333/lectures97/lece.pdf. What is Strategic Control? [Electronic (2001). Version]. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.2gc.co.uk/pdf/2GC-FAQP02.pdf.

The Role of Women in Modern Society Essay Example for Free

The Role of Women in Modern Society Essay Margaret Atwoods controversial dystopian novel, The Handmaids Tale, leaves the reader with the lingering question of what if?. Set in the near future, what is known to be the United States, is overtaken by puritan conservative Christians, creating the Republic of Gilead. Assasinating the President and congress, this religious extremist movement suspended the constitution and took complete control over the government. Women in Gilead lost their rights, and served only one purpose; for reproduction. A large population of the women were infertile due to previous constant exposure to pesticides, nuclear waste, and leakages from chemical weapons. They were either labelled Unwoman and sent to Colonies to clean up toxic wastes, or be house servants; Marthas. The small number which made up the fertile population were taken to camps where training to become handmaidens for the upper-class people took place. The women of Gilead were denied all basic human rights, and although the main focus of this novel is of what may occur in our future, The Handmaids Tale is an extension of the patriarchal societies of our past, and of those which are of existence today. Read more:  Women in Modern Times In the Republic of Gilead, the women were stripped entirely of their freedom and identity. Unlike some of the men, they loose the right to work outside the home, or even go out. Their only outing is for daily grocery shopping and mandatory attendance at public events. The women have no say in the choices of daily life, such as what to wear, or eat, who to be friends with, or the choice of sexual partners. Shall one be impregnated, she has no choice of having an abortion, nor the right to claim ownership of the child. The women have no real identities, for what they wore, and where they stood in society, was who they were. The handmaids were distinguished by their fairytale figure in a red cloak (Atwood 9), and served only for the purpose of reproduction. Some of the infertile women were kept in the house as servants, Marthas, dressed in a dull green, like a surgeons gown (Atwood 9). The Wives of the Commanders of the house were recognized by their blue wardrobes. Their main purpose was to raise the children the handmaids produced, and to maintain the domestic sphere. The ones outfitted in striped dresses, red and blue and green and cheap and skimpy (Atwood 27) were women of the poorer men, Econowives, and held the resposibilty of all three functions; a Martha, a Handmaid, and a Wife. A concept strongly present in the society of the Republic of Gilead is that of misogyny: the hatred of women. The jealousy is all centred towards the Handmaids by the infertile women of Gilead. The Wives envied the Handmaids due to the fact that, not only were they fertile but also because they stole away their husbands, the Commanders. Many of the Wives were blunt with their feelings and reacted in such ways; Stabbed her with a knitting needle, right in the belly., and using toilet cleanser[wich] worked like a charm. (Atwood 12) The second source of jealousy derives itself from the caretakers of the Handmaids, the Marthas. They are nothing but servants in the household, and have less freedom than the Handmaids, no outings, nor any sexual experience. Due to the resentment and bitterness heavily weighed on the Handmaids, many take the only freedom which exists; the freedom to refuse to handle any of the pressure and take the only control of their life- to end it; She hanged herself.it was better. (Atwood 329) The patriarchal society portrayed in The Handmaids Tale is one of which existed for centuries, and is still present, though not to such extreme. In Hebrew times it was considered normal for a man to have sex and even conceive children by his servants, especially if his wife was infertile. Such a story can be traced to the Bible in the book of Genesis. Rachel, one of Jacobs wives, is infertile, suprisingly, since her sister, Leah, who is also married to Jacob, bears him many. Envying her sister, Rachel gives Jacob her maid as a wife and says, Behold my maid Bilah, go in unto her, and she shall bear upon my knees, that I also may have children by her.(Genesis 30:2-4). Bilah gave Jacob many children and appeared to have no choice in the situation, showing women are valued only for their ability to reproduce, and their consent is not required. (FitzsimmonsWoods) Such situations not only occurred a century ago, but just decades ago, and some even still happen today. In various contries around the world, women are still being treated as though the only thing from which our society can benefit from them is by means of reproducing and domestic purposes.. The persistance in India of cutural practices that discriminate against girls and women means not only abuse of,  but, finally, the deaths of countless women. (PetersWolper 51) The high technology has assisted in the discrimination against women, instead of bringing relief. Parents can now detect the sex if a fetus within the first trimester, and, upon learning that the sex of the unborn child is female, many women choose or are forced to abort. (PetersWolper 51) ( The use of ultrasounds is also used for selective abortion of female fetuses in China (PetersWolper 97) Female children were fed less and were not given foods such as butter or milk, which were reserved for boys. While boys went to school, girls were forced to stay home to assist in house chores and the looking after of younger siblings. (PetersWolper 51) Even educated, well-placed professional women submit, for instance, to wife beating, , implicitly an acceptable form of control. (PetersWolper 52) Just as in India, successful women in the former United States were converted into nameless handmaids in the Republic of Gilead. The second country of which practices the unfair treatment of women, demeaning them to less than humans is Iran. Women in Iran, compared to men, are worth half as much by means of everything including inheritance and testimonials in court. Even compensation paid to a murdered womans family is half that of a mans. (PetersWolper 72) Men, who may be polygamous, are permitted to have up to four wives and an unlimited number of concubines. A married woman must be at all times willing to meet her husbands sexual needs, and if she refuses, she loses the right to shelter, food and clothing. A husband, father or brother has the right to kill his wife, daughter, or sister and go unpunished if he finds her committing an immoral or unchaste act. (PetersWolper 73) Like in The Handmaids Tale, the woman of Iran have no choice in the clothes which they wear. The veil and the Islamic dress code are central to the segregation of women. In an effort to confine women to the home, Khomeini declared that the 1936 authorization of freedom of dress for women was null and void, and that the veil and the Islamic attire were compulsory for women. (PetersWolper 74 ) Failure to abide in the dress code resulted in punishment in forms of having their face splashed with acid, cut with razors, and even sometimes death. (PetersWolper 75) Even, like in The Handmaids Tale, having any relation outside of the house was strictly forbidden. In 1991, a woman was stoned to  death after having been accused of having relations with a Guardian of the Islamic Revolution. (PetersWolper 76) In a neighbouring country, women also have little, if any say, to the decisions made in their lives. The women of Israel are fighting tradition in attempts to gain equal rights, wich right now is just a mere distant dream. The world according to Jewish law is divided into two spheres, the public and the private. Mans place is in the public sphere of political government and the market economy, while the womans place is in the private sphere of domesticity. (PetersWolper 91-92). The handmaids in Atwoods novel were held captive in their Commanders house, and lived a private, and lonesome life, while the Commander took outings when he pleased. Under biblical law in Israel, men were allowed to practice polygamy, where monogamy only applied to the females. Thus, even today, if a wife refuses to grant her husband a divorce or is incompetent to do so, the husband might be given special permission to marry another woman. If the situation were vise versa, the woman would remain bound in the marriage, should the husband refuse a divorce. (PetersWolper 92) This is of similarity, showing the little power woman held when in reference to the novel. Although it was evident that the Commanders wife greatly disapproved of the handmaid, and the sexual activity, she was powerless in its prevention. The Handmaids Tale is merely a representation, and a more extreme view, of the various patriarchal societies evident throughout the worlds history. Although it is no longer evident in Canada and the United States, such practices are still held across our ocean, in third world countries. Such laws have survived centuries, from our past to our present, and most likely into our far future. But no matter how many restrictions are applied to the female, they will never be able to be eliminated. A society cannot function without a woman, for a woman is the only one who propogates it.

Conflict Analysis Case Study: Nestlé

Conflict Analysis Case Study: Nestlà © Business is a never ending race and in the fast running world of business, there is variety of products and shops, showrooms, setups and etc. The main purpose of this report concerns the research managing conflicts in organization. The organization that is chosen for our research report is Nestlà ©. Data and observation analysis, recommendations for managing conflicts is also discussed. The methods used for collecting data for this report are surveys, questionnaires, personal observations, personal interviews, newspapers, internet etc. In the first section, we had given an introduction about the chosen organization Nestlà © and then a brief description about nature of conflict in the organization and its various types and causes of conflict. The second section is consists of literature review, in which we had discussed the theories and research papers of different researchers where they explain about conflicts and its causes in an organization and moreover how an organization can prevent those conflicts with best possible solution. The third section comprises of research methodology, research nature, data collection techniques and sampling method. In section forth we have scrutinized the primary data by different graphical and statistical tools. In final section we have given possible conclusions along with recommendations. CHAPTER # 1 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO NESTLÉ Nestlà © was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà © with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland. It has employed around 250,000 people and has factories or operations in almost every country in the world. It is one of the worlds biggest food and Beverage Companies. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. 1.2: PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The purpose of the research is to find the variable which has leads towards conflicts in Nestlà © Organization. The main purpose of the research is, firstly, to identify the causes of conflicts in Nestlà © and, secondly, to manage conflicts in Nestlà © organization. 1.3: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY All of us experience some type of conflicts in our daily lives. Tensions, antagonisms, and frustrations always occur when people work together. There are disagreements, perhaps even fights, between employees and the supervisor or between co-workers. Aside from personality clashes, people simply have different viewpoints about the way things should be done. The main purpose of conducting the research is to find out the conflicts, and finding the ways to manage and solve them in an organisation. In this context we have got the opportunity to conduct our research on one of the top organizations (Nestlà ©). 1.4: DEFINITION OF CONFLICT Conflict is defined as the state of discord caused by perceived or actual opposition of needs, interests and values. A conflict can be internal or external. The concept of conflict can help to explain many social aspects of life such as social disagreement, fights between individuals, groups, or organizations and conflict of interests. Conflict as taught for graduate and professional work in conflict resolution which is defined as when two or more parties, with perceived incompatible goals, seek to undermine each others goal seeking capability. However, conflict can also occur in cooperative situations, in which two or more individuals or parties have consistent goals, because the manner in which individuals or party tries to reach their goal can still undermine the other individuals or party. 1.5: NATURE OF CONFLICT Conflict may constructively be viewed as resulting from differing belief systems, varied perspectives on the situation and values resulting from participants accumulated life experience and conditioning, differing interests and objectives. Effectively dealing with conflict requires the expression and management of participants varying interests, belief systems, perspectives and values. Through the integration of participants perspectives, belief systems, interests and values, conflict and conflict resolution play important roles in individual and social evolution and development. Conflict arises when one or more participants view the current system as not working. At least one party is adequately unhappy with the position, that they are willing to own the conflict and speak with the hope of being able to influence the situation to arrive at an improved condition. Conflict may be sight as a process we put ourselves through to attain a new condition and self definition. Through conflict we have opportunities to be artistically self-defining. If nothing else, conflict allows us in future to do things differently. Through the resolution of conflict, we can evolve and redefine ourselves, our community, our relationships our society and our world. 1.6: LEVELS OF CONFLICT 1.6.1: Inter divisional conflict Inter divisional conflicts exists between the perceiver and another individual within the organization. Although the other person does not need to be aware of the conflict, the perceiver of the conflict situation recognizes the present or future impact conflict can have on job performance. 1.6.2: Intra group conflict Intra group conflicts occur between perceiver and his or her immediate group within the organization. The immediate group can consist of work team, department or union. Whether fully or only superficially aware of the conflict issue, the perceiver realizes that the conflict can directly or indirectly affect job performance. 1.6.3: Inter group conflict It arises between the perceivers immediate group and another group within the organization. Again, the perceivers involvement may not be critical, but he or she must be aware of the situation and the potential impact the conflict can have on work performance. 1.6.4: Organizational conflict Organizational conflict is a state of disagreement caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together. 1.7: TYPES OF CONFLICT A conceptual conflict can rise into a verbal exchange or result in fighting.Conflict can exist at a variety of types. These are Community conflict Diplomatic conflict Emotional conflict Environmental resources conflict Group conflict Ideological conflict Interpersonal conflict Inter-societal conflict Intrapersonal conflict Organizational conflict Religious-based conflict and Workplace conflict. 1.8: CAUSES OF CONFLICTS 1.8.1: Authority relationship Authority Relationship conflicts occur because of the existence of strong pessimistic emotions, misperceptions or stereotypes, poor communication or miscommunication, or repetitive negative behaviors. Authority relationship problems often increase disputes and lead to an unnecessary rising spiral of destructive conflict. Supporting the secure and balanced expression of perspectives and emotions for acknowledgment (not agreement) is one effective approach to managing relational conflict. 1.8.2: Management style For any organization to be effectual and efficient in achieving its goals, the people in the organization need to have a common vision of what they are determined to achieve, as well as clear objectives for each individual, group/ team and department. Management style also needs ways of recognizing and resolving conflict between people, so that conflict does not become so serious that collaboration becomes impossible. The management of any organization needs to have ways of keeping conflict to a minimum and of solving problems caused by conflict, before conflict becomes a major obstruction to work. Management style helps to avoid conflict where probable and organizing to resolve conflict where it does happen, as rapidly and smoothly as possible. 1.8.3: Communication barriers: Conflict will be greater when barriers to communication exist. If parties are separated from each other physically or by time e.g.; the day shift versus the night shift-the opportunity for conflict is increased. To illustrate suppose a company employs only one plant supervisor, who works the day shift and leaves orders at the beginning of each week for the workers on the night shift. By the end of the week, how ever, these orders have been only partially carried out. The supervisor cannot figure out why. Obviously, the supervisor absence from the night shift has posed a communication barrier, which in turn causes decreased output. As Bryans, P, Cronin argued in 1984 that Space or time separations could promote isolated group interests rather than advance a common effort towards joint goals. 1.8.4: Personal factor 1.8.4.1: Behavioral The way emotional experience gets expressed which can be verbal or non-verbal and intentional or un-intentional. 1.8.4.2: Physiological Its defined as the bodily experience of emotion. The way emotions make us feel in comparison to our identity. 1.8.4.3: Cultural values Culture tells people who are a part of it, Which emotions ought to be expressed in particular situations and what emotions are to be felt. 1.8.4.4: Physical This escalation results from anger or frustration. 1.8.4.5: Verbal This escalation results from negative perceptions of the annoyers character. 1.9: WAYS OF ADRESSING CONFLICTS There are basically five ways of addressing conflicts which were identified by Thomas and Kilman in 1976. These are 1.9.1: Accommodation Ones party surrenders its own needs and wishes to accommodate the other party. 1.9.2: Avoidance Avoid conflict by ignoring it, changing the subject, etc. As an expedient means of dealing with very minor, non-recurring conflicts or Avoidance can be useful as a temporary measure to buy time. In many cases, conflict avoidance involves severing a relationship. 1.9.3: Collaboration Working together can find a mutually beneficial solution. Collaboration can also be inappropriate and time-intensive. When there is not enough respect, trust or communication among participants for collaboration to occur. 1.9.4: Compromise Finding a centre point where each party is partially satisfied. 1.9.5: Competition Take the ones point of view at the potential expense of another. It can be more useful when achieving the ones objectives outweighs ones concern for the relationship CHAPTER # 2 2.1: LITERATURE REVIEW Different researchers have published their reviews on conflicts in the organization. We are viewing two best reviews of the researchers articles. Mr. Philips in 1982 threw light on some of key conditions, which may lead to serious organizational conflicts; he gave his views in the book named as Community in Organization. According to M Phillips certain social relationships characterized various kinds of conflict behavior. Each one could occur in your work area. The more aware the managers are of these conflict settings, the better are the chances of correcting them and running a smooth operation. Mr. Philip identified communication as problem in his research. The causes of conflicts are structural factors, authority relationships, common resources, goal differences interdependence, jurisdictional ambiguities, specialization, status-inconsistencies, personal factors, communication, conflict management style, cultural differences, emotions, perception, personalities, skills and abilities, values and ethics. The researcher found a possible solution; it is obvious that a perfect communication system is unlikely. But also perfectio n like rationality will not be achieved; organizations do have mechanism by which they can attempt the communication system as clear as they can. Philips also suggested that there are such devices available which can reduce the distortion and complications in communication process and suggested that communication recipients should be aware of the biases of the message senders and protect their own counter biases as protection devices. James M Leif John M Penrose in 1997 in the book Business Strategies Skills 5th Edition explained the nature of organizational conflicts identify the causes of conflicts i.e. Structural Factors, Common Resources , Goal Differences , Interdependence ,    Jurisdictional Ambiguities, Inconsistencies ,Personal Factors Communication barriers, Conflict management style ,Cultural differences ,Emotions Perception, Personalities, Skills and abilities, Values and Ethics, Behavioral and Physiological Cognitive. The researchers say that it is possible to avoid conflict by having mechanism such as voting to make decision without the disagreement of consensus. They also find that behavioral regulation fail to match the individual need of employee, conflict is bound to occur. In 1995 B R Siwal in his research Resolution Strategies to Conflict describes that conflict is a necessary and integral part of effective problem solving and realistic discussions. It is core sound of decision making because disagreement is the best vehicle for enlargement the perspective, discovering alternatives, and motivating creative interaction among each member. The effects of disagreement, though, depend on how it is administer by team members. Conflict can be integrative and constructive or it can be distributive and disruptive. When mismanagement occur, conflict can demolish team effectiveness, when handled well it can deeply enhance the quality of team work and make members sense proud of their work in the team. Training in the nature of conflict and the ways of managing it is an imperative need of all the people who participates in problem solving groups, such as those that make up work teams. The negative association of conflicts wants to be dispelled and substitute with more practical conceptions that made the justifiable distinction between disruptive and constructive conflict. When team members see that conflict can be a positive strength in conversation, they are better prepared to take up effective proposal attitudes and behaviors in trouble solving situations. Further more the differences between integrative and distributive conflict can help them learn how their own behavior contributes to the atmosphere of the team which they belong. Davor Dujak in 2008 describes in his research that in every organization conflict encounters on a daily basis. The conflict cannot be avoided but it is probable to mange them in a way that we identify them on time. It is essential to constantly track the organizational signals which position to their existence. If Organization does not respond accordingly, this can lead to the condition that conflict itself manages the organization. One of the more important determinants of productivity, performance and efficiency and finally the job satisfaction is also the conflict as an independent variable of organizational behavior. By systematic research of organizational behavior we want to make a positive influence on the dependents variables, but first we have to realize and get a good approaching to the individual elements of organizational behavior. In 2004 Melanie Lewis describes in her research that if conflict managed poorly or avoided, it can be very costly to an organization. If managed well, conflict presents an opportunity to uncover significance and promote a healthy work place. Many organizations are finding that their conflicts management systems have been good by financial investments, generating a healthy return. In additional they are recognizing the value of many less substantial benefits (lower turnover, increased efficiencies, improved morale and improve public relations). A precise four phased process assessment, design, implementation, operation and evaluation helps organizations design effective conflict management systems to gather the maximum benefit of conflict system. Moreover this four phased approach strongly encourages the team actually to seek to understand and incorporate the needs and interests of all affected constituency, and creates an environment in which the benefits of the system can be effecti vely communicated, implemented and administered. In 2010 De Dreu C.K describes in his research that conflict is a multidimensional with both relationship and task forms. Hence it is expected that if they change the managing type of conflicts, it will plays an important role in organizational performance. While if organization did not manage good, the conflict will plays a negative role. However the researcher discussed only two types of conflicts in his research namely affective and task conflict in order to play better role in organizational performance. After studying the reviews of different researchers our group decided that we will follow the research methodology of M Philip because they dictate information about factors which are important for identifying conflicts and understanding the meaning of conflict and how it influences the organizations internal environment in solving problems. CHAPTER # 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1: Research type: The type of research that we are conducting is applied research because it is conducted for a particular organization. Applied research is practical applicability of research tools on a particular organizational situation. 3.2: Data collection We will be collecting our data by using two sources which are as follows. 3.2.1: Primary data Our primary data is collected through conducting interviews and designed questionnaires from managers and employees of Nestlà ©. 3.2.2: Secondary data The secondary data is collected from past records of Nestlà © and books along with business articles to support our recommendations and suggestions. 3.3: Sample size During this survey we have taken responses from a Sample size of 30 which is further divided into two groups. We also conducted survey from 10 managers and 20 employees. The sampling type that we used is non random sampling technique because we want to get information from every third employee and manager of Nestlà © organization. Our survey is in questionnaire and interview form, so our questionnaires consist of open ended and close ended questions. We have conducted unstructured interviews, asked from the respondents to get more information. CHAPTER # 4 ANALYSIS 4.0: INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is a practice in which the raw data is ordered and organized in order to extract useful information from it. The process of organizing and thinking about data is the key to understand what the data does and does not contain. There are varieties of ways in which people can approach data analysis, and it is infamously easy to manipulate data during the analysis phase to push certain conclusions. There are different methods for analyzing the data for example surveys, charts, frequency tables, graphs and personal observations etc. We have analyzed our data through frequency tables and bar charts. 4.1: FREQUENCY TABLE Frequency table is one of the important concepts in mathematical statistics and a good analyzing tool. A table divided into cells by category with counts for each category in each cell. It is a kind of display of a given data, in which the frequency of each data item is found. The frequency of a data item is the number of times it occurs in the data set. 4.2: BAR GRAPH A graph consisting of parallel, usually vertical bars or rectangles with lengths proportional to the frequency with which specified quantities occur in a set of data. A bar graph is a pictographic version of statistical data in which the independent variable can attain only certain discrete values. The dependent variable may be discrete or continuous. The most common form of bar graph is the vertical bar graph, also called a column graph. This type of display allows us to: Compare groups of data, and To make generalizations about the data quickly. 4.3: ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRES 4.3.1: FROM MANAGEMENT 1) More than the desired output of the employees make can be harmful to the organization? a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 9 No 02 1 Table: 4.3.1. Graph: 4.3.1.0 2) There is a free flow of communication among the employees: a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 10 No 02 0 Table: 4.3.1.1 Graph: 4.3.1.1 3) Employees are properly informed about decision taken? a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 7 No 02 3 Table: 4.3.1.2 Graph: 4.3.1.2 4) There is a consistency among the management policies: a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 8 No 02 2 Table: 4.3.1.3 Graph: 4.3.1.3 5) Key post should be through:     Ã‚  Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direct Appointment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  b) Promotion Variables Codes Frequency Direct appointment 01 8 Promotion 02 2 Table: 4.3.1.4 Graph: 4.3.1.4 4.3.2: FROM EMPLOYEES 1) From how long have you been working in this organization?   6 months 1 year 3 years Or more than 3 years Variables Codes Frequency 6 months 01 4 1 year 02 2 3 years 03 10 Or more than 3 years 04 4 Table: 4.3.2.0 Graph: 4.3.2.0 2) What kind of boss do you like to work with?   Friendly Competent Leant Difficult Variables Codes Frequency Friendly 01 17 Competent 02 3 Leant 03 0 Difficult 04 0 Table: 4.3.2.1 Graph: 4.3.2.1 3) Which type of leaderships style do you like the most? Autocratic Democratic Variables Codes Frequency Autocratic 01 18 Democratic 02 2 Table: 4.3.2.2 Graph: 4.3.2.2 4) How does your management is doing the evaluation among the employees? Performance base Merit base Variables Codes Frequency Performance base 01 18 Merit base 02 2 Table: 4.3.2.3 Graph: 4.3.2.3 5) Which management level should be responsible for problems between employees? Choose any of the following Top level Middle level Lower level Variables Codes Frequency Top level 01 2 Middle level 02 17 Lower level 03 1 Table: 4.3.2.4 Graph: 4.3.2.4 Q6: How do you communicate the unforeseen problem with your manager or general manager?   Answer: Most of the respondents suggested that they like to meet the general managers directly for any unforeseen events. Q7: Do you think your organization should involve the employees in decision making? And why?   Answer: Most of employees consider that their managers are capable of taking right decisions and there is no need of involving employees. While few of them suggested that it can be a source of new and creative ideas. Q8: What can you suggest for a better management system?   Answer: Most of the employees have no idea about it. Few of them believe that friendly environment and better salaries can improve management system. 4.6: INTER ORGANISATIONAL CONFLICTS OF  NESTLÉ The nature conflicts in Nestlà © found out through the unstructured interviews and through questionnaire with the directors the managers of Nestlà © Peshawar are as follows: The first thing which found, was the lack of training given to the employees, managers said that in the organization, employees always have to work together in groups, and if some one feels that he/she cannot work within the group, then there is some problem with that employee, but at the same time managers said that it is the organizations responsibility to teach the employees how to work together in groups through proper training. They mentioned that without training the organizations might face serious types of irresolvable conflicts, which are definitely not fruitful to the organization. The second main reason mentioned by the manager of the company was the Selection Biases, manager said that selection biases may also lead to conflicts within the company, and these conflicts are normally personal as well. The manager said that if in cases the top management (directors) interferes in the process of hiring the employees, they might select the wrong person for the right job. On the other hand there may be serious conflicts going on between the managers the directors on the issues of authority and responsibility balance. Further if the manager takes big decisions like job confirmation salary decisions then, there may be conflicts, and these must be taken by the top management (directors). The manager of Nestlà © also raised the point of communications problem. They believe that every information must be communicated from their tables. If in any case any employee bypasses the manger, there may be a conflict between them. Manager also said that there is no need of any employee who bypasses the manager to access to the top management (directors). Usually the organizations do have Coordinators who are directly answerable to the top management. He said that the manager will not be able to properly deal with him and conflicts between them will arise. The manager said that young unmarried employees usually indulge in office politics and make conflicts among the employees. According to him only married and experienced persons should be provided with the jobs. Racial problems also create conflicts among the employees. Bad attitude of the manager and arrogant nature of the boss is also one reason of conflicts. The manager said that effective person but highly cooperative person would be proffered in place of an efficient but uncooperative one. The managers presented the following ideas to prevent conflicts: Contractual Jobs Hire fire system. Authority to the managers Some of them had a bit different views. Director held the middle managements capabilities responsible for the conflicts within the organization. He also said that there is no relationship between the authority and reasonability with the conflicts. He proffered the autocratic style of management in the beginning, but it should be shifted to the democratic style in the later portions. Director said that although the centralized system slows down the process of working, but it will also decrease the conflicts between the employees. They said that, if you (Employee) have to be successful in the company, then you have to become a big YES SIR. One of the director also mentioned that horizontal conflicts are more common. Super seeded persons normally indulge in making conflicts. He said that super seeded persons should be terminated in place of super seeding them. Dress code can experience the anger from the employees due to Ethnic affiliations to some dresses. Directors were strongly in favor of Coordinator, they said that a coordinator channels the communication process between the manager and the top management. He also gave the following ideas to prevent the possible conflicts in the organizations: Promotions Clear line of Authority Not more than one employee from same Regional locations and same institutions/Universities. CHAPTER # 5 5.1: CONCLUSION The Organizational Conflicts is itself not a problem, but it is a serious symptom of some factors that are usually ignored while designing the organizational structures. From the literature review, taking samples (convenience) analysis of the data gathered, some factors are identified that usually are the root cause of the conflicts. Some of these are: Ethnicity Personal Jealousy Arrogant behaviors (low temperament) Communication problems Due to the nature of the issue the responses from the top (Directors), middle (Managers) lower management (Employees) were totally contrary with each other. For this purpose structured questionnaires (covering both open ended and close ended questions) and unstructured interviews were conducted. That made the deductions possible by comparing the verbal and non verbal responses, rephrasing the same questions two-three times to check the consistency of the replies. The ethnic issue is the most important. Due to ethnicity no sampled branch has been successful in implementing the dress code yet. Even though, all the respondents favoured it. It is observed that employees belonging to KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA are very low tempered. Their frequency of jobs switching is higher than others. It proves that they cannot work in teams and work with an arrogant manager. To conclude, who should be held responsible for conflicts, the manager is the key person who channels the communication whether upward or down ward. 5.2: RECOMMENDATIONS The current thinking should be for the maximum utilization of the companys resources and to push the power and decision making authority down the hierarchy of the organization. This can create more power and flexibility within the company as a whole. Good leaders should not have any problem in delegating power and responsibility. Disagreement with the supervisor should be encouraged as long as it leads to productive results. It is critical for the manager to get diverse work force to work well together and respect their differences. Diversity should be encouraged because it can help the organization in future to adapt to the changing global market. All problems can be prevented from happening and/or rectified, if the middle management (Manager) of the company justifies its position. Middle management plays an anchor role. Manager should be able to deal with all the employees who have different cultural backgrounds, personalities priorities. Hiring experienced and matured managers and providing them training could help the case. On job training of the employees. Open house discussions should be there at least one a month. While assigning the groups to the employees for tasks, it must be assured that all the groups are properly matched. REFERENCES http://www.google.com.pk/ B R Siwal http://www.scribd.com/doc/19166679/Conflict-Resolution Jeremy.Cooper.SF.FIN.http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:TvBuLFIn6cIJ:www.asic.gov.au/asic/pdflib.nsf/LookupByFileName/managing_conflicts_of_interest.pdf/%24file Participation Observation Research Method: Analysis Participation Observation Research Method: Analysis Participation Observation Research Participant observation is a method of collecting qualitative data in social research. This method involves the immersion of the researcher in the subject matter so that it can be observed in its natural setting. It involves variable levels of involvement of the researcher on a continuum ranging from passive (observation) to active (participation). The distinction between participation and observation is based on the closeness of the researcher tothe subject matter with observation involving external evaluation and recording of events without the interference of the researcher whilst participation represents an internal view in which the researcher records views from within the group by acting, overtly or covertly, as a member in order to experience the actuality of the events. For example, in Humphreys study of homosexuals, he played an active role by acting as lookout for the police whilst the homosexual encounter occurred in public toilets (Humphreys, 1970). Although Humphreys was observing events and gathering data, he was inside the situation that occurred thus his presence had some impact on events; things would not have occurred exactly as they did had he not been present. Examples of a passive role include researchers who observe things as they happen but with no influence at all on the events that unfold, other than by their mere presence. For example, Patton describes researchers who were recording the reactions ofthe audience to Billy Grahams evangelical preaching (Patton, 2002). Their role was to record events without taking any part in the proceedings, althoughtwo researchers were so influenced by his preaching that they put aside theirnotes and joined the congregation. One of the advantages ofparticipant observation is its ability to facilitate the collection of rich information that is frequently not available from other sources (Babbie, 1995). As such, it can be used to supplement, inform or contradict theorised research and it can greatly enhance the available knowledge on a subject as a result. It can be used either as a preliminary step in a research study by which the researcher observes events as they occur in order to formulate a hypothesis for further investigation or it can be used at a more advanced stage of the research in order to test a hypothesis formed on the basis of theoretical research (Patton, 2002). It is believed to elicit real and genuine information that has not been filtered or amended by the research participants as can occur in relation to interview or questionnaire data and, as such, provides unique insights into the subjective viewpoint of the participants in the study. With observation, participants may not realise that they are being watched so they do not moderate their behaviour in any way thus the data gathered in unadulterated. It also provides richer information than interviews or questionnaires because it can take into account non-verbal interaction and behaviour (Berg, 2003). As such, it can be a valuable methodof researching the influence of structures or events on individuals andgroups. There is also the possibility that unexpected and unanticipated events will occur during the course of the observation hence its value in accessing unique data (Berg, 2003). Equally, even with more active participation from the researcher, the subjects of the research may not realise that they are being observed as it is not uncommon for the researcher to obscure their identity by posing as a member of the group or as someone who would naturally come into contact with them. For example, in studies of the way in which mentally ill patients are treated by psychiatrists and others in the medical profession, researchers were admitted into mental health facilities by posing as patients so that they could experience the reality of life within such an environment, something that would not have been possible had they announced their presence and their purpose (Winstein, 1982). As this example demonstrates, participant observation can be a way to access information from those who might be reluctant to give interviews or who would present apolicy-driven view of the subject (Bogdan, 1972). Sometimes, the only way to get around such obstacles is to gain surreptitiou s access to the environment in order to experience directly what is happening (Spradley, 1997). There are limitations to this research method. It can be time-consuming, both in terms of the actual observations and in preparing and analysing the large amount of resultant data. This may make it a less cost-effective means of conducting research (Jorgenson, 1993). A second limitation is that it tends to involve the observation of only a few examples of a particular subject, behaviour or event thus there is a limit to the extent to which the findings are amenable to generalisation (Spradley, 1997). A further criticism that can be levelled against participant observation is that it is inherently subjective as it notonly focuses on a single (or limited number) of particular observations butthat the recording of the resultant data is subject to the interpretation of the researcher (Jorgenson, 1993). Accordingly, there is a possibility of conscious or unconscious bias which is inconsistent with its appearance, particularly in relation to observation rather than participation, of an obj ective and scientific research method. This criticism is furthered in relation to participation because the researcher plays some kind of role inevents that unfold thus is not a mere passive recipient of information but issomeone who contributes to the shape and content of the resultant data (Spradley, 1993). The final criticism of participant observation that needs to be addressed is particularly pertinent to participation by the research andthat is issues of deception of the research subjects and the ethical issuesthat therefore arise. This was demonstrated in Humphreys research with homosexuals as he posed as a member of their community thus accessing data thatwould not have been available without this deception. The practice ofdeception on research subjects is one that needs to be considered carefully when weighing the balance of the strengths and limitations of this research method (Spradley, 1993). 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